Saying Goodbye

Ha sido un extraordianario placer haber compartido con este grupo de personas, todas unidas por un mismo proposito que es alcanzar  nuestras meta.

Por eso los dejo con una excelente reflexion..

Lo importante en la vida no es superar a los demás, sino superarnos a nosotros mismos”.

                    Thomas L. Monson

Unidad IV. Patrones de Organizacion de un Parrafo

UNIDAD IV. PATRONES DE ORGANIZACION DE UN PARRAFO

1. Definiciones

A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed. These rules together make up, i.e. constitute, what the entity is. When these principles are written down into a single or set of legal documents, those documents may be said to comprise a written constitution.

Constitutions concern different levels of organizations, from sovereign states to companies and unincorporated associations. A treaty which establishes an international organization is also its constitution in that it would define how that organization is constituted. Within states, whether sovereign or federated, a constitution defines the principles upon which the state is based, the procedure in which laws are made and by whom. Some constitutions, especially written constitutions, also act as limiters of state power by establishing lines which a state's rulers cannot cross such as fundamental rights.

The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world, containing 444 articles,12 schedules and 94 amendments, with 117,369 words in its English language version, while the United States Constitution is the shortest written constitution.

…. Definiones

2. Ordenadores de Tiempo

MODERN CONSTITUTION

The earliest written constitution still governing a sovereign nation today may be that of San Marino. The Leges Statutae Republicae Sancti Marini was written in Latin and consists of six books. The first book, with 62 articles, establishes councils, courts, various executive officers and the powers assigned to them. The remaining books cover criminal and civil law, judicial procedures and remedies. Written in 1600, the document was based upon the Statuti Comunali (Town Statute) of 1300, itself influenced by the Codex Justinianus, and it remains in force today.

In 1639, the Colony of Connecticut adopted the Fundamental Orders, which is considered the first North American constitution, and is the basis for every new Connecticut constitution since, and is also the reason for Connecticut's nickname, "the Constitution State". Later, England had two short-lived written Constitutions during Cromwellian rule, known as the Instrument of Government (1653), and Humble Petition and Advice (1657).

Agreements and Constitutions of Laws and Freedoms of the Zaporizian Host can be acknowledged as the first European constitution in a modern sense. It was written in 1710 by Pylyp Orlyk, hetman of the Zaporozhian Host. This "Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk" (as it is widely known) was written to establish a free Zaporozhian-Ukrainian Republic, with the support of Charles XII of Sweden. It is notable in that it established a democratic standard for the separation of powers in government between the legislative, executive, and judiciary branches, well before the publication of Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws. This Constitution also limited the executive authority of the hetman, and established a democratically elected Cossack parliament called the General Council. However, Orlyk's project for an independent Ukrainian State never materialized, and his constitution, written in exile, never went into effect.

… Marcadores de Tiempo

WHO I AM

                                                                         


Hello my dear friends...! Welcome to my Blog

Soy Valeria Sierra Gonzalez, tengo 21 años y soy Abogada, egresada de la Universidad Rafael Belloso Chacin en Mayo de 2010; luego de finalizar mi carrera decidi realizar el Diplomado en Docencia para Educacion Superior, el cual culmine en Febrero de este año. Actualemente empezare la Maestria en Derecho Mercantil.

Este blog ha sido creado para ofrecer un poco de ayuda a quien lo necesite en relacion a este ingles intrumental que posee unidades de gran importancia y que en momentos determinados si asi lo necesitan podran acudir a ellas.

kisses and hugs to everybody

           UNIDAD III. TECNICAS DE LECTURA

HISTORY OF SAINT VALENTINES DAY

The history of Valentine's Day — and its patron saint — is shrouded in mystery. But we do know that February has long been a month of romance. St. Valentine's Day, as we know it today, contains vestiges of both Christian and ancient Roman tradition. So, who was Saint Valentine and how did he become associated with this ancient rite? Today, the Catholic Church recognizes at least two different saints named Valentine or Valentinus, all of whom were martyred.

One legend contends that Valentine was a priest who served during the third century in Rome. When Emperor Claudius II decided that single men made better soldiers than those with wives and families, he outlawed marriage for young men — his crop of potential soldiers. Valentine, realizing the injustice of the decree, defied Claudius and continued to perform marriages for young lovers in secret. When Valentine's actions were discovered, Claudius ordered that he be put to death.

Other stories suggest that Valentine may have been killed for attempting to help Christians escape harsh Roman prisons where they were often beaten and tortured.

Nowadays, Every February 14, across the United States and in other places around the world, candy, flowers and gifts are exchanged between loved ones, all in the name of St. Valentine.

 1.PREDICCION, DEDUCCION, SKIMMING

-      De acuerdo al título y la imagen, ¿cuál cree usted que es el tópico que está a punto de leer?

Si bien en las imágenes, se observan corazones rojos y caricaturas expresándose cariño o afecto es notorio que se hablara de amor, pero analizando un poco mas las imágenes y el titulo quedaría claro que el texto nos hablara sobre la Historia del día de San Valentín.   

-      ¿Cuál es la idea general del texto?

La idea general del texto es darnos a conocer sobre las distintas hipótesis que existen sobre la historia del día de San Valentín, quien era en realidad este Santo y porque es relacionado con el amor y la amistad.

-      ¿Que palabras se repiten?

·        Valentine

·        Day

·        Roman

·        February

·        Saint

-      ¿Que palabras se parecen al español?

·        Day ----- Dia

·        Saint ---- Santo

·        Romans ---- Romanos

·        Valentine ------ Valentin

·        Frebuary ------ Febrero

·        History ----- Historia

·        Tradition ----- Tradición

·        Familias ------ Familias

·        Christians ------- Cristianos

-      ¿Cuales son las palabras en negrita, el titulo, subtitulo o gráficos que te ayudan a entender el texto?

Los gráficos que se encuentran al principio del texto son de total y de gran ayuda, ya que expresan muy asertivamente sobre el tópico del texto y en complemento con el titulo todo queda mas que claro.

-      ¿De qué trata el texto? Lee el primer párrafo y el último o la ultimas ideas del último párrafo?

El texto nos habla sobre la historia de la san valentin y que este es un santo , esta historia a tenido muchos miestirios, pero siempre se ha sabido que el mes de Febrero es el mes de romance. El dia de San Valentin como hoy se conoce tiene de ambos vestigios tanto Cristiana como de la antigua tradición romana. Entonces bien, como quien fue San Valentin y porque se asocia este Santo  a esta antigua tradición. Hoy en dia la iglesia reconoce dos diferentes santos Valentin y Valentinus, ambos de ellos fueron martirizados.

Una de las Historias contiene que Valentin fue un sacerdote que sirvio en Roma. Cuando el emperador Claudius dedicio que los hombres solteros eran mejores soldados que los hombres con esposas y familia, el considero fuera de ley el matrominio para los hombres jóvenes. Valentin estaba en desacuerdo con el decreto, por lo que desafio a Claudius y continuo realizando matrimonios para los jóvenes amantes, cuando las acciones de Valentine fueron descubiertas, Claudius ordeno la muerte para el.

Otras historias sugieren que Valentin fue asesinado por tratar de ayudar a escapar a los Cristianos de las prisiones romanas donde eran golpeados y torturados.

Hoy en dia, todos los 14 de Febrero, alrededor de Estados Unidos y otras partes alrededor del mundo, golosinas, flores y regalos son intercambiados entre los enamorados todo esto en nombre de San Valentin.    

2. SCANNIG

Kelsen was born in Prague to Jewish parents. He moved to Vienna with his family when he was two years old. Having graduated from the Akademisches Gymnasium, he studied law at the University of Vienna, taking his doctorate in 1906. In 1911, he achieved his habilitation (license to hold university lectures) in public law and legal philosophy and published his first major work, Main Problems in the Theory of Public Law.

In 1912, Kelsen married Margarete Bondi, and the couple had two daughters.

In 1919, he became full professor of public and administrative law at the University of Vienna. He established and edited the Journal of Public Law (Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht) in Vienna. At the behest of Chancellor Karl Renner, Kelsen worked on drafting a new Austrian Constitution, enacted in 1920. The document still forms the basis of Austrian constitutional law. Kelsen was appointed to the

Constitutional Court

, for a life term. In 1925, he published General Theory of the State (Allgemeine Staatslehre) in Berlin.

Following increasing political controversy about some positions of the Social Democrat, although not a party member, was removed from the court in 1930.

Constitutional Court

(especially about divorce) and an increasingly conservative climate, Kelsen, who was considered a

Kelsen accepted a professorship at the University of Cologne in 1930. When the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, he was removed from his post and moved to Geneva, Switzerland and taught international law at the Graduate Institute of International Studies from 1934 to 1940.

Preguntas sobre la Lectura

1. ¿Donde nacio Kelsen?

Kelsen nacio en Praga

2. ¿A que edad se mudo a Viena?

Kelsen se mudo a Viena a los 2 años

3. ¿Qué carrera estudio Kelsen?

Estudio Derecho

4. ¿ En que fecha contrajo matrimonio Kelsen?

Kelsen contrajo matrimonio en 1912

UNIDAD II. ESTRUCTURA DE UNA ORACION

JUDGES

A judge is a person who presides over a court of law, either alone or as part of a panel of judges. The powers, functions, method of appointment, discipline, and training of judges vary widely across different jurisdictions. The judge conducts the trial impartially and in an open court. The judge hears all the witnesses and any other evidence presented by the parties of the case, assesses the credibility of the parties, and then issues a ruling on the matter at hand based on his or her interpretation of the law and his or her own personal judgment. In some jurisdictions, the judge's powers may be shared with a jury, although this practice is starting to be phased out in some regions^. In Inquisitorial systems of criminal investigation, the judge is an 'examining magistrate', but may not be the trial judge.

1.  Idea Principal del Texto

         El presente texto tiene como idea principal es conocer un poco sobre los jueces, y sobre el papel que estos desempeñan.

2.-  Traducción del Texto al Español

Un juez es una persona que preside un tribunal de derecho, ya sea solo o como parte de un panel de jueces. The powers, functions, method of appointment, discipline, and training of judges vary widely across different jurisdictions . Las facultades, funciones, forma de nombramiento, disciplina y formación de los jueces varían mucho entre diferentes jurisdicciones.The judge conducts the trial impartially and in an open court. El juez lleva a cabo el juicio imparcial y en un patio abierto. The judge hears all the witnesses and any other evidence presented by the parties of the case, assesses the credibility of the parties, and then issues a ruling on the matter at hand based on his or her interpretation of the law and his or her own personal judgement. El juez escucha todos los testigos y todas las otras pruebas presentadas por las partes del caso, evalúa la credibilidad de las partes, y luego un veredicto sobre el asunto en cuestión sobre la base de su interpretación de la ley y de su personal sentencia. In some jurisdictions, the judge's powers may be shared with a jury , although this practice is starting to be phased out in some regions  . En algunas jurisdicciones, los poderes del juez puede ser compartida con un jurado , aunque esta práctica está comenzando a ser eliminado en algunas regiones. En los sistemas inquisitoriales de la investigación criminal, el juez es un  juez de instrucción , pero no puede ser el juez de primera instancia.

3. Selecciona 2 oraciones e indica

- Frase Nominal, pre y post modificadores y núcleo

- Frase Verbal, núcleo

- Tiempo Verbal de la Oración

                                               ORACIONES

         A judge is a person who presides over a court of law

……  Frase Nominal

…  Pre Modificador de la Frase Nominal

…  Núcleo Frase Nominal

...…  Frase Verbal

… Núcleo Frase Verbal

Tiempo Verbal: Presente

The judge hears all the witnesses and any other evidence presented by the parties of the case

……  Frase Nominal

…  Pre Modificador de la Frase Nominal

…  Núcleo Frase Nominal

...…  Frase Verbal

… Núcleo Frase Verbal

Tiempo Verbal: Presente

UNIDAD I. USO DEL DICCIONARIO

History of Human Rights

Although ideas of rights and liberty have existed for much of human history, it is unclear to what degree such concepts can be described as "human rights" in the modern sense. The concept of rights certainly existed in premodern cultures; ancient philosophers such as Aristotle wrote extensively on the rights of citizens to property and participation in public affairs. However, neither the Greeks nor the Romans had any concept of universal human rights; slavery, for instance, was justified in both ancient and modern times as a natural condition^. Medieval charters of liberty such as the English Magna Carta were not charters of human rights, let alone general charters of rights: they instead constituted a form of limited political and legal agreement to address specific political circumstances, in the case of Magna Carta later being mythologized in the course of early modern.

                                                              ACTIVIDAD

-          PALABRAS NUEVAS Y SU SIGNIFICADO

PALABRA EN INGLES	SIGNIFICADO	TIPO DE PALABRA
ANCIENT	ANTIGUO	PALABRA DE CONTENIDO
DEGREE	GRADO	PALABRA DE FUNCION
AGREEMENT	ACUERDO	PALABRA DE CONTENIDO

-          EJEMPLOS CATEGORIAS. (Sustantivos, adjetivos, adverbios, verbos, conjunciones, preposiciones, prefijo, sufijo, cognados falsos, cognados verdaderos)

• SUSTANTIVOS

1. Human
2. History

• VERBOS

1. Wrote  ---------  Pasado de Write --------- Acción
2. Can  ---------  Puede  ----------  Acción

• ADJETIVOS

1. Natural
2. Modern

• ADBERVIO

1.- Extensively

2.- Certainly  

• PREOPOSICION

1-. Of

2.- For

• CONJUGACIONES

1.-  Such as

2.- However

• PREFIJOS

1.- Unclear   --------  UN / CLEAR

2.- Premodern  --------  PRE/MODERN

• SUFIJOS

1.- Extensively  ---------- EXTENSIVE / LY

2.-  Slavery  ---------- SALVE / RY

• COGNADOS VERDADEDORS

1.- Ideas

2.- Universal

• COGNADOS FALSOS

1.- Record

2.-  Favor

- IDEA PRINCIPAL DEL TEXTO

El tema principal del texto se basa en la evolución de los derechos humanos y de los acuerdos para establecer las relaciones Internacionales en relación a los Derechos Humanos. 

-          TRADUCCION DEL TEXTO

Aunque han existido muchas ideas sobre los Derechos y la Libertad, no se esta claro sobre que concepto puede describir a los Derechos Humanos en el sentido moderno. El concepto de derechos ciertamente existió en la cultura premoderna; antiguos filósofos como Aristoteles escribieron sobre los Derechos de los ciudadanos sobre la propiedad y participación en relaciones publicas. Sin embargo, ni los Griegos ni los Romanos tuvieron ningún concepto sobre los Derechos Humanos Universales; la esclavitud, por ejemplo, fue justificada en ambos aspectos en antiguos y modernos tiempos como una condición natural. Cartas medievales sobre la libertad como la Carta Magna Inglesa no fueron tratados sobre los Derechos Humanos solo tratados sobre los derechos en general. Ellos instaban a constituir la forma de limitar políticos y legales acuerdos refiriéndose a especificas circunstancias políticas. 

Referenci: http://www.wikipedia.com/